build in linux with clang toolchain

[tedli]

Like #1783 mentioned, build under macos will produce more expressive sanitize log. But not everyone use mac, so it's better to make pika could build using same toolchain like macos do.

[cr-gpt]

Code Review:

1. Line 62: In the elseif condition for GNU CXX compiler, it sets CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS with -pthread -Wl,--no-as-needed -ldl. This line seems fine.

2. Lines 59-61: In the if condition for Clang CXX compiler on Linux, it sets CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS and CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS. The changes include adding -stdlib=libc++ and -fuse-ld=lld, which specify the C++ standard library and linker respectively. These changes should be fine if you intend to use libc++ and lld as the standard library and linker for Clang.

3. Lines 223-224: It adds the --enable-shared=no flag during the configure step in the Linux section. This flag disables building shared libraries. If this is the desired behavior, then it is fine.

4. Lines 487-488: It adds the -Dgperftools_build_benchmark=OFF flag during the configuration of GPerftools build on Linux. This flag disables building the benchmark component of GPerftools. If you don't need the benchmark, it is fine.

Overall, the code changes appear reasonable and seem to address specific requirements based on the platforms and dependencies being used. However, without additional context or knowledge of specific bug risks or improvement goals, it is challenging to provide more detailed suggestions.