Update cli Dockerfile to a newer ubuntu release, newer rust release

[Omega359]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #10472

Rationale for this change

The current Dockerfile is based on a pretty old ubuntu release which doesn't build when run on a newer ubuntu release. I can see no good reason why the cli should be built using old ubuntu and rust versions.

What changes are included in this PR?

Dockerfile update.

Are these changes tested?

Built and tested locally on wsl2/ubuntyu 22.04.4

Are there any user-facing changes?

No

[edmondop]

The workspace.package in the Cargo.toml is still 1.73. https://github.com/apache/datafusion/blob/main/Cargo.toml#L53

I am fine with updating the Debian version, but updating the Rust version might require more thoughts or having more extensive implications cc @alamb @andygrove

[Omega359]

The Rust version update is only for the build of the CLI. Nothing more. It's not related to the MSRV of DataFusion unless the build of the CLI is the litmus test that the MSRV we have actually builds and runs.

[alamb]

The Rust version update is only for the build of the CLI. Nothing more. It's not related to the MSRV of DataFusion unless the build of the CLI is the litmus test that the MSRV we have actually builds and runs.

I think the MSRV is verified via a CI job:

datafusion/.github/workflows/rust.yml

Lines 556 to 584 in 4b7b5ab

	msrv:
	name: Verify MSRV (Min Supported Rust Version)
	runs-on: ubuntu-latest
	container:
	image: amd64/rust
	steps:
	- uses: actions/checkout@v4
	- name: Setup Rust toolchain
	uses: ./.github/actions/setup-builder
	- name: Install cargo-msrv
	run: cargo install cargo-msrv
	- name: Check datafusion
	working-directory: datafusion/core
	run: |
	# If you encounter an error with any of the commands below
	# it means some crate in your dependency tree has a higher
	# MSRV (Min Supported Rust Version) than the one specified
	# in the `rust-version` key of `Cargo.toml`. Check your
	# dependencies or update the version in `Cargo.toml`
	cargo msrv verify
	- name: Check datafusion-substrait
	working-directory: datafusion/substrait
	run: cargo msrv verify
	- name: Check datafusion-proto
	working-directory: datafusion/proto
	run: cargo msrv verify
	- name: Check datafusion-cli
	working-directory: datafusion-cli
	run: cargo msrv verify

[alamb]

Looks good to me -- thanks @Omega359 and @edmondop

I tested locally that

docker build -f datafusion-cli/Dockerfile . --tag datafusion-cli

works and this looks good.

THanks again