Although the software operates on a memory buffer, it can read from or write to memory locations outside of the buffer's intended border.
Buffer errors are frequent in software that uses a memory buffer to execute actions. An attacker may be able to read or write data outside the intended buffer due to a lack of or incorrect validation of input data. Memory corruption is a term used to describe this flaw. Specific languages support direct memory addressing, but they don't always check that the addresses are valid for the referred buffer. As a result, read and write operations on memory regions associated with another buffer, variables, data structures, and so on may be done.
An attacker who has complete control over the user input can read or write to any memory location. As a result, it's possible to extract potentially sensitive data from memory and create memory corruption, crash the application, or even run arbitrary code on the target machine.
Use a language that prevents this vulnerability from occurring or provides constructs that make it easy to avoid this weakness.
Buffer overflows are not a problem in many languages that do their memory management, such as Java and Perl. Other languages often provide overflow protection, such as Ada and C#, but the programmer can remove it.
Run or create the software using features or extensions that automatically provide a buffer overflow mitigation or elimination technique.