diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 06c3e0443..820571c15 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -35,3 +35,5 @@ ntex-util = { path = "ntex-util" }
 ntex-glommio = { path = "ntex-glommio" }
 ntex-tokio = { path = "ntex-tokio" }
 ntex-async-std = { path = "ntex-async-std" }
+
+ntex-h2 = { git = "https://github.com/ntex-rs/ntex-h2.git", branch = "async-fn-in-trait" }
diff --git a/ntex-bytes/Cargo.toml b/ntex-bytes/Cargo.toml
index 24bf69090..f2628572c 100644
--- a/ntex-bytes/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ntex-bytes/Cargo.toml
@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ simdutf8 = { version = "0.1.4", optional = true }
 [dev-dependencies]
 serde_test = "1.0"
 serde_json = "1.0"
-ntex = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["tokio"] }
+ntex = { version = "1.0.0", features = ["tokio"] }
diff --git a/ntex-connect/Cargo.toml b/ntex-connect/Cargo.toml
index ea815bce6..63dd77d7b 100644
--- a/ntex-connect/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ntex-connect/Cargo.toml
@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ webpki-roots = { version = "0.25", optional = true }
 [dev-dependencies]
 rand = "0.8"
 env_logger = "0.10"
-ntex = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["tokio"] }
+ntex = { version = "1.0", features = ["tokio"] }
diff --git a/ntex-io/Cargo.toml b/ntex-io/Cargo.toml
index 631815f21..33fac379c 100644
--- a/ntex-io/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ntex-io/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ pin-project-lite = "0.2"
 rand = "0.8"
 env_logger = "0.10"
 
-ntex = { version = "0.7", features = ["tokio"] }
+ntex = { version = "1.0.0", features = ["tokio"] }
diff --git a/ntex-io/src/dispatcher.rs b/ntex-io/src/dispatcher.rs
index f8a786b20..5ef867c18 100644
--- a/ntex-io/src/dispatcher.rs
+++ b/ntex-io/src/dispatcher.rs
@@ -839,10 +839,10 @@ mod tests {
                 Poll::Ready(Err(()))
             }
 
-            async fn call<'a>(
-                &'a self,
+            async fn call(
+                &self,
                 _: DispatchItem<BytesCodec>,
-                _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
+                _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
             ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
                 Ok(None)
             }
diff --git a/ntex-macros/Cargo.toml b/ntex-macros/Cargo.toml
index 5811cd087..3bf023f78 100644
--- a/ntex-macros/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ntex-macros/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ syn = { version = "^1", features = ["full", "parsing"] }
 proc-macro2 = "^1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-ntex = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["tokio"] }
+ntex = { version = "1.0.0", features = ["tokio"] }
 futures = "0.3"
 env_logger = "0.10"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ntex-service/Cargo.toml b/ntex-service/Cargo.toml
index dddda5876..49a6dbdd8 100644
--- a/ntex-service/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ntex-service/Cargo.toml
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ pin-project-lite = "0.2.6"
 slab = "0.4"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-ntex = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["tokio"] }
-ntex-util = "0.3.0"
+ntex = { version = "1.0", features = ["tokio"] }
+ntex-util = "1.0.0"
diff --git a/ntex-service/src/and_then.rs b/ntex-service/src/and_then.rs
index 291cc445b..3ac8d72a3 100644
--- a/ntex-service/src/and_then.rs
+++ b/ntex-service/src/and_then.rs
@@ -110,10 +110,10 @@ mod tests {
             Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
         }
 
-        async fn call<'a>(
-            &'a self,
+        async fn call(
+            &self,
             req: &'static str,
-            _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
+            _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
         ) -> Result<Self::Response, ()> {
             Ok(req)
         }
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@ mod tests {
             Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
         }
 
-        async fn call<'a>(
-            &'a self,
+        async fn call(
+            &self,
             req: &'static str,
-            _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
+            _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
         ) -> Result<Self::Response, ()> {
             Ok((req, "srv2"))
         }
diff --git a/ntex-service/src/apply.rs b/ntex-service/src/apply.rs
index f4fc4fb68..61a776793 100644
--- a/ntex-service/src/apply.rs
+++ b/ntex-service/src/apply.rs
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ mod tests {
         type Response = ();
         type Error = ();
 
-        async fn call<'a>(&'a self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        async fn call(&self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
             Ok(())
         }
     }
diff --git a/ntex-service/src/ctx.rs b/ntex-service/src/ctx.rs
index 97e3fd144..fd16b9c23 100644
--- a/ntex-service/src/ctx.rs
+++ b/ntex-service/src/ctx.rs
@@ -212,10 +212,10 @@ mod tests {
             self.1.poll_ready(cx).map(|_| Ok(()))
         }
 
-        async fn call<'a>(
-            &'a self,
+        async fn call(
+            &self,
             req: &'static str,
-            ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
+            ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
         ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
             let _ = ctx.clone();
             Ok(req)
diff --git a/ntex-service/src/lib.rs b/ntex-service/src/lib.rs
index 9354a65da..edf5245f2 100644
--- a/ntex-service/src/lib.rs
+++ b/ntex-service/src/lib.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub use self::pipeline::{Pipeline, PipelineCall};
 ///     type Response = u64;
 ///     type Error = Infallible;
 ///
-///     async fn call<'a>(&'a self, req: u8, _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
+///     async fn call(&self, req: u8, _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
 ///         Ok(req as u64)
 ///     }
 /// }
diff --git a/ntex-service/src/map.rs b/ntex-service/src/map.rs
index 40c5dee13..f09b888f4 100644
--- a/ntex-service/src/map.rs
+++ b/ntex-service/src/map.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ mod tests {
             Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
         }
 
-        async fn call<'a>(&'a self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        async fn call(&self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
             Ok(())
         }
     }
diff --git a/ntex-service/src/map_err.rs b/ntex-service/src/map_err.rs
index f82f44412..0e4b8aebc 100644
--- a/ntex-service/src/map_err.rs
+++ b/ntex-service/src/map_err.rs
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
-        async fn call<'a>(&'a self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        async fn call(&self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
             Err(())
         }
     }
diff --git a/ntex-service/src/middleware.rs b/ntex-service/src/middleware.rs
index b87d6d5e7..b36565230 100644
--- a/ntex-service/src/middleware.rs
+++ b/ntex-service/src/middleware.rs
@@ -215,10 +215,10 @@ mod tests {
             self.0.poll_ready(cx)
         }
 
-        async fn call<'a>(
-            &'a self,
+        async fn call(
+            &self,
             req: R,
-            ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
+            ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
         ) -> Result<S::Response, S::Error> {
             ctx.call(&self.0, req).await
         }
diff --git a/ntex-service/src/then.rs b/ntex-service/src/then.rs
index 107b2b774..f39a8889a 100644
--- a/ntex-service/src/then.rs
+++ b/ntex-service/src/then.rs
@@ -114,10 +114,10 @@ mod tests {
             Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
         }
 
-        async fn call<'a>(
-            &'a self,
+        async fn call(
+            &self,
             req: Result<&'static str, &'static str>,
-            _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
+            _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
         ) -> Result<&'static str, ()> {
             match req {
                 Ok(msg) => Ok(msg),
@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@ mod tests {
             Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
         }
 
-        async fn call<'a>(
-            &'a self,
+        async fn call(
+            &self,
             req: Result<&'static str, ()>,
-            _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
+            _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
         ) -> Result<Self::Response, ()> {
             match req {
                 Ok(msg) => Ok((msg, "ok")),
diff --git a/ntex-tls/Cargo.toml b/ntex-tls/Cargo.toml
index 7516f9ba7..c87ceb4e0 100644
--- a/ntex-tls/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ntex-tls/Cargo.toml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ tls_openssl = { version = "0.10", package = "openssl", optional = true }
 tls_rust = { version = "0.21", package = "rustls", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-ntex = { version = "0.7", features = ["openssl", "rustls", "tokio"] }
+ntex = { version = "1.0", features = ["openssl", "rustls", "tokio"] }
 env_logger = "0.10"
 rustls-pemfile = "1.0"
 webpki-roots = "0.25"
diff --git a/ntex-util/Cargo.toml b/ntex-util/Cargo.toml
index c49e645dc..b36c1c4b4 100644
--- a/ntex-util/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ntex-util/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ futures-sink = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"]
 pin-project-lite = "0.2.9"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-ntex = { version = "0.7", features = ["tokio"] }
+ntex = { version = "1.0.0", features = ["tokio"] }
 ntex-bytes = "0.1.21"
 ntex-macros = "0.1.3"
 futures-util = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }
diff --git a/ntex-util/src/services/buffer.rs b/ntex-util/src/services/buffer.rs
index 6c91c9563..91bb20cee 100644
--- a/ntex-util/src/services/buffer.rs
+++ b/ntex-util/src/services/buffer.rs
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
-        async fn call<'a>(&'a self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        async fn call(&self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
             self.0.ready.set(false);
             self.0.count.set(self.0.count.get() + 1);
             Ok(())
diff --git a/ntex-util/src/services/inflight.rs b/ntex-util/src/services/inflight.rs
index 08fe20879..6d781f93e 100644
--- a/ntex-util/src/services/inflight.rs
+++ b/ntex-util/src/services/inflight.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ mod tests {
         type Response = ();
         type Error = ();
 
-        async fn call<'a>(&'a self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        async fn call(&self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
             let _ = self.0.recv().await;
             Ok(())
         }
diff --git a/ntex-util/src/services/onerequest.rs b/ntex-util/src/services/onerequest.rs
index 11b1faf70..7f2537f65 100644
--- a/ntex-util/src/services/onerequest.rs
+++ b/ntex-util/src/services/onerequest.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ mod tests {
         type Response = ();
         type Error = ();
 
-        async fn call<'a>(&'a self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        async fn call(&self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
             let _ = self.0.recv().await;
             Ok::<_, ()>(())
         }
diff --git a/ntex-util/src/services/timeout.rs b/ntex-util/src/services/timeout.rs
index 63768a8a4..1855b8ce5 100644
--- a/ntex-util/src/services/timeout.rs
+++ b/ntex-util/src/services/timeout.rs
@@ -170,11 +170,7 @@ mod tests {
         type Response = ();
         type Error = SrvError;
 
-        async fn call<'a>(
-            &'a self,
-            _: (),
-            _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-        ) -> Result<(), SrvError> {
+        async fn call(&self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<(), SrvError> {
             crate::time::sleep(self.0).await;
             Ok::<_, SrvError>(())
         }
diff --git a/ntex-util/src/services/variant.rs b/ntex-util/src/services/variant.rs
index 0642e30e2..02235c10f 100644
--- a/ntex-util/src/services/variant.rs
+++ b/ntex-util/src/services/variant.rs
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ mod tests {
             Poll::Ready(())
         }
 
-        async fn call<'a>(&'a self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Result<usize, ()> {
+        async fn call(&self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<usize, ()> {
             Ok(1)
         }
     }
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ mod tests {
             Poll::Ready(())
         }
 
-        async fn call<'a>(&'a self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Result<usize, ()> {
+        async fn call(&self, _: (), _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<usize, ()> {
             Ok(2)
         }
     }
diff --git a/ntex/CHANGES.md b/ntex/CHANGES.md
index 64168731c..c1145e486 100644
--- a/ntex/CHANGES.md
+++ b/ntex/CHANGES.md
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 # Changes
 
+## [1.0.0] - 2024-01-0x
+
+* Use "async fn" in trait for Service definition
+
 ## [0.7.17] - 2024-01-05
 
 * Allow to set default response payload limit and timeout
diff --git a/ntex/Cargo.toml b/ntex/Cargo.toml
index 2547f3bc0..9924ed25a 100644
--- a/ntex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ntex/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "ntex"
-version = "0.7.17"
+version = "1.0.0"
 authors = ["ntex contributors <team@ntex.rs>"]
 description = "Framework for composable network services"
 readme = "README.md"
@@ -49,20 +49,20 @@ async-std = ["ntex-rt/async-std", "ntex-async-std", "ntex-connect/async-std"]
 
 [dependencies]
 ntex-codec = "0.6.2"
-ntex-connect = "0.3.4"
+ntex-connect = "1.0.0"
 ntex-http = "0.1.11"
 ntex-router = "0.5.2"
-ntex-service = "1.2.7"
+ntex-service = "2.0.0"
 ntex-macros = "0.1.3"
-ntex-util = "0.3.4"
+ntex-util = "1.0.0"
 ntex-bytes = "0.1.21"
-ntex-h2 = "0.4.4"
+ntex-h2 = "0.5.0"
 ntex-rt = "0.4.11"
-ntex-io = "0.3.17"
-ntex-tls = "0.3.3"
-ntex-tokio = { version = "0.3.1", optional = true }
-ntex-glommio = { version = "0.3.1", optional = true }
-ntex-async-std = { version = "0.3.2", optional = true }
+ntex-io = "1.0.0"
+ntex-tls = "1.0.0"
+ntex-tokio = { version = "0.4.0", optional = true }
+ntex-glommio = { version = "0.4.0", optional = true }
+ntex-async-std = { version = "0.4.0", optional = true }
 
 async-channel = "2.1"
 base64 = "0.21"
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/body.rs b/ntex/src/http/body.rs
index 4f7cd7e9d..02d472344 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/body.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/body.rs
@@ -543,10 +543,10 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use futures_util::stream;
-    use std::io;
+    use std::{future::poll_fn, io};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::util::{poll_fn, Ready};
+    use crate::util::Ready;
 
     impl Body {
         pub(crate) fn get_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/client/connector.rs b/ntex/src/http/client/connector.rs
index 6485d04ab..037d254c7 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/client/connector.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/client/connector.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use std::{fmt, task::Context, task::Poll, time::Duration};
 use ntex_h2::{self as h2};
 
 use crate::connect::{Connect as TcpConnect, Connector as TcpConnector};
-use crate::service::{apply_fn, boxed, Service, ServiceCall, ServiceCtx};
+use crate::service::{apply_fn, boxed, Service, ServiceCtx};
 use crate::time::{Millis, Seconds};
-use crate::util::{timeout::TimeoutError, timeout::TimeoutService, Either, Ready};
+use crate::util::{timeout::TimeoutError, timeout::TimeoutService};
 use crate::{http::Uri, io::IoBoxed};
 
 use super::{connection::Connection, error::ConnectError, pool::ConnectionPool, Connect};
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ impl Connector {
         let conn = Connector {
             connector: boxed::service(
                 TcpConnector::new()
-                    .chain()
                     .map(IoBoxed::from)
                     .map_err(ConnectError::from),
             ),
@@ -192,12 +191,8 @@ impl Connector {
         T: Service<TcpConnect<Uri>, Error = crate::connect::ConnectError> + 'static,
         IoBoxed: From<T::Response>,
     {
-        self.connector = boxed::service(
-            connector
-                .chain()
-                .map(IoBoxed::from)
-                .map_err(ConnectError::from),
-        );
+        self.connector =
+            boxed::service(connector.map(IoBoxed::from).map_err(ConnectError::from));
         self
     }
 
@@ -208,10 +203,7 @@ impl Connector {
         IoBoxed: From<T::Response>,
     {
         self.ssl_connector = Some(boxed::service(
-            connector
-                .chain()
-                .map(IoBoxed::from)
-                .map_err(ConnectError::from),
+            connector.map(IoBoxed::from).map_err(ConnectError::from),
         ));
         self
     }
@@ -265,7 +257,6 @@ fn connector(
                 async move { srv.call(TcpConnect::new(msg.uri).set_addr(msg.addr)).await },
             )
         })
-        .chain()
         .map(move |io: IoBoxed| {
             io.set_disconnect_timeout(disconnect_timeout);
             io
@@ -290,12 +281,7 @@ where
 {
     type Response = <ConnectionPool<T> as Service<Connect>>::Response;
     type Error = ConnectError;
-    type Future<'f> = Either<
-        ServiceCall<'f, ConnectionPool<T>, Connect>,
-        Ready<Self::Response, Self::Error>,
-    >;
 
-    #[inline]
     fn poll_ready(&self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
         let ready = self.tcp_pool.poll_ready(cx)?.is_ready();
         let ready = if let Some(ref ssl_pool) = self.ssl_pool {
@@ -310,7 +296,6 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    #[inline]
     fn poll_shutdown(&self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<()> {
         let tcp_ready = self.tcp_pool.poll_shutdown(cx).is_ready();
         let ssl_ready = self
@@ -325,16 +310,20 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    fn call<'a>(&'a self, req: Connect, ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Self::Future<'_> {
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
+        req: Connect,
+        ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
         match req.uri.scheme_str() {
             Some("https") | Some("wss") => {
                 if let Some(ref conn) = self.ssl_pool {
-                    Either::Left(ctx.call(conn, req))
+                    ctx.call(conn, req).await
                 } else {
-                    Either::Right(Ready::Err(ConnectError::SslIsNotSupported))
+                    Err(ConnectError::SslIsNotSupported)
                 }
             }
-            _ => Either::Left(ctx.call(&self.tcp_pool, req)),
+            _ => ctx.call(&self.tcp_pool, req).await,
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/client/h1proto.rs b/ntex/src/http/client/h1proto.rs
index 7c3749bbe..06572418d 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/client/h1proto.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/client/h1proto.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-use std::{io, io::Write, pin::Pin, task::Context, task::Poll, time::Instant};
+use std::{
+    future::poll_fn, io, io::Write, pin::Pin, task::Context, task::Poll, time::Instant,
+};
 
 use crate::http::body::{BodySize, MessageBody};
 use crate::http::error::PayloadError;
@@ -8,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::http::message::{RequestHeadType, ResponseHead};
 use crate::http::payload::{Payload, PayloadStream};
 use crate::io::{IoBoxed, RecvError};
 use crate::time::{timeout_checked, Millis};
-use crate::util::{poll_fn, ready, BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut, Stream};
+use crate::util::{ready, BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut, Stream};
 
 use super::connection::{Connection, ConnectionType};
 use super::error::{ConnectError, SendRequestError};
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/client/h2proto.rs b/ntex/src/http/client/h2proto.rs
index ee00e613b..25e29e9f4 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/client/h2proto.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/client/h2proto.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::io;
+use std::{future::poll_fn, io};
 
 use ntex_h2::client::{RecvStream, SimpleClient};
 use ntex_h2::{self as h2, frame};
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::http::header::{self, HeaderMap, HeaderValue};
 use crate::http::message::{RequestHeadType, ResponseHead};
 use crate::http::{h2::payload, payload::Payload, Method, Version};
 use crate::time::{timeout_checked, Millis};
-use crate::util::{poll_fn, ByteString, Bytes};
+use crate::util::{ByteString, Bytes};
 
 use super::error::{ConnectError, SendRequestError};
 
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/client/pool.rs b/ntex/src/http/client/pool.rs
index 820bd3e89..43789b1bc 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/client/pool.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/client/pool.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::http::uri::{Authority, Scheme, Uri};
 use crate::io::{types::HttpProtocol, IoBoxed};
 use crate::service::{Pipeline, PipelineCall, Service, ServiceCtx};
 use crate::time::{now, Seconds};
-use crate::util::{ready, BoxFuture, ByteString, HashMap, HashSet};
+use crate::util::{ready, ByteString, HashMap, HashSet};
 use crate::{channel::pool, rt::spawn, task::LocalWaker};
 
 use super::connection::{Connection, ConnectionType};
@@ -116,61 +116,62 @@ where
 {
     type Response = Connection;
     type Error = ConnectError;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Connection, ConnectError>>;
 
     crate::forward_poll_ready!(connector);
     crate::forward_poll_shutdown!(connector);
 
-    fn call<'a>(&'a self, req: Connect, _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Self::Future<'_> {
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
+        req: Connect,
+        _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Connection, ConnectError> {
         trace!("Get connection for {:?}", req.uri);
         let inner = self.inner.clone();
         let waiters = self.waiters.clone();
 
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let key = if let Some(authority) = req.uri.authority() {
-                authority.clone().into()
-            } else {
-                return Err(ConnectError::Unresolved);
-            };
-
-            // acquire connection
-            let result = inner.borrow_mut().acquire(&key);
-            match result {
-                // use existing connection
-                Acquire::Acquired(io, created) => {
-                    trace!("Use existing {:?} connection for {:?}", io, req.uri);
-                    Ok(Connection::new(
-                        io,
-                        created,
-                        Some(Acquired::new(key, inner)),
-                    ))
-                }
-                // open new tcp connection
-                Acquire::Available => {
-                    trace!("Connecting to {:?}", req.uri);
-                    let uri = req.uri.clone();
-                    let (tx, rx) = waiters.borrow_mut().pool.channel();
-                    OpenConnection::spawn(key, tx, uri, inner, &self.connector, req);
-
-                    match rx.await {
-                        Err(_) => Err(ConnectError::Disconnected(None)),
-                        Ok(res) => res,
-                    }
+        let key = if let Some(authority) = req.uri.authority() {
+            authority.clone().into()
+        } else {
+            return Err(ConnectError::Unresolved);
+        };
+
+        // acquire connection
+        let result = inner.borrow_mut().acquire(&key);
+        match result {
+            // use existing connection
+            Acquire::Acquired(io, created) => {
+                trace!("Use existing {:?} connection for {:?}", io, req.uri);
+                Ok(Connection::new(
+                    io,
+                    created,
+                    Some(Acquired::new(key, inner)),
+                ))
+            }
+            // open new tcp connection
+            Acquire::Available => {
+                trace!("Connecting to {:?}", req.uri);
+                let uri = req.uri.clone();
+                let (tx, rx) = waiters.borrow_mut().pool.channel();
+                OpenConnection::spawn(key, tx, uri, inner, &self.connector, req);
+
+                match rx.await {
+                    Err(_) => Err(ConnectError::Disconnected(None)),
+                    Ok(res) => res,
                 }
-                // pool is full, wait
-                Acquire::NotAvailable => {
-                    trace!(
-                        "Pool is full, waiting for available connections for {:?}",
-                        req.uri
-                    );
-                    let rx = waiters.borrow_mut().wait_for(req);
-                    match rx.await {
-                        Err(_) => Err(ConnectError::Disconnected(None)),
-                        Ok(res) => res,
-                    }
+            }
+            // pool is full, wait
+            Acquire::NotAvailable => {
+                trace!(
+                    "Pool is full, waiting for available connections for {:?}",
+                    req.uri
+                );
+                let rx = waiters.borrow_mut().wait_for(req);
+                match rx.await {
+                    Err(_) => Err(ConnectError::Disconnected(None)),
+                    Ok(res) => res,
                 }
             }
-        })
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -659,8 +660,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(pool.get_ref().inner.borrow().connecting.is_empty());
 
         // pool is full, waiting
-        let mut fut = pool.call(req.clone());
-        assert!(lazy(|cx| Pin::new(&mut fut).poll(cx)).await.is_pending());
+        let mut fut = std::pin::pin!(pool.call(req.clone()));
+        assert!(lazy(|cx| fut.as_mut().poll(cx)).await.is_pending());
         assert_eq!(pool.get_ref().waiters.borrow().waiters.len(), 1);
 
         // release connection and push it to next waiter
@@ -676,8 +677,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(store.borrow().len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(pool.get_ref().inner.borrow().acquired, 1);
         assert!(pool.get_ref().inner.borrow().connecting.is_empty());
-        let mut fut = pool.call(req.clone());
-        assert!(lazy(|cx| Pin::new(&mut fut).poll(cx)).await.is_pending());
+        let mut fut = std::pin::pin!(pool.call(req.clone()));
+        assert!(lazy(|cx| fut.as_mut().poll(cx)).await.is_pending());
         assert_eq!(pool.get_ref().waiters.borrow().waiters.len(), 1);
 
         // release and close
@@ -692,7 +693,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(pool.get_ref().inner.borrow().acquired, 1);
 
         // drop waiter, no interest in connection
-        let mut fut = pool.call(req.clone());
+        let mut fut = Box::pin(pool.call(req.clone()));
         assert!(lazy(|cx| Pin::new(&mut fut).poll(cx)).await.is_pending());
         drop(fut);
         sleep(Millis(50)).await;
@@ -704,8 +705,8 @@ mod tests {
             uri: Uri::try_from("http://localhost2/test").unwrap(),
             addr: None,
         };
-        let mut fut = pool.call(req.clone());
-        assert!(lazy(|cx| Pin::new(&mut fut).poll(cx)).await.is_pending());
+        let mut fut = std::pin::pin!(pool.call(req.clone()));
+        assert!(lazy(|cx| fut.as_mut().poll(cx)).await.is_pending());
         assert_eq!(pool.get_ref().waiters.borrow().waiters.len(), 1);
         conn.release(false);
         assert_eq!(pool.get_ref().inner.borrow().acquired, 0);
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/h1/dispatcher.rs b/ntex/src/http/h1/dispatcher.rs
index d6c114b16..772b6c5a1 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/h1/dispatcher.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/h1/dispatcher.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ where
 
         // slow-request timer
         let (flags, max_timeout) = if let Some(cfg) = config.headers_read_rate() {
-            io.start_timer_secs(cfg.timeout);
+            io.start_timer(cfg.timeout);
             (Flags::READ_HDRS_TIMEOUT, cfg.max_timeout)
         } else {
             (Flags::empty(), Seconds::ZERO)
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ where
                             self.io.tag(),
                             total
                         );
-                        self.io.start_timer_secs(cfg.timeout);
+                        self.io.start_timer(cfg.timeout);
                         return Ok(());
                     }
                 }
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@ where
                     );
                     self.flags.insert(Flags::READ_KA_TIMEOUT);
                     if self.config.keep_alive_enabled() {
-                        self.io.start_timer_secs(self.config.keep_alive);
+                        self.io.start_timer(self.config.keep_alive);
                     }
                 }
             } else {
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ where
             self.read_consumed = 0;
             self.read_remains = decoded.remains as u32;
             self.read_max_timeout = cfg.max_timeout;
-            self.io.start_timer_secs(cfg.timeout);
+            self.io.start_timer(cfg.timeout);
         }
         None
     }
@@ -973,7 +973,7 @@ where
             self.read_remains = decoded.remains as u32;
             self.read_consumed = decoded.consumed as u32;
             self.read_max_timeout = cfg.max_timeout;
-            self.io.start_timer_secs(cfg.timeout);
+            self.io.start_timer(cfg.timeout);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
-    use std::{cell::Cell, io, sync::Arc};
+    use std::{cell::Cell, future::poll_fn, io, sync::Arc};
 
     use ntex_h2::Config;
     use rand::Rng;
@@ -992,7 +992,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::http::{body, Request, ResponseHead, StatusCode};
     use crate::io::{self as nio, Base};
     use crate::service::{boxed, fn_service, IntoService};
-    use crate::util::{lazy, poll_fn, stream_recv, Bytes, BytesMut};
+    use crate::util::{lazy, stream_recv, Bytes, BytesMut};
     use crate::{codec::Decoder, testing::Io, time::sleep, time::Millis, time::Seconds};
 
     const BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 32_768;
@@ -1274,9 +1274,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert!(lazy(|cx| Pin::new(&mut h1).poll(cx)).await.is_pending());
         sleep(Millis(50)).await;
-        crate::util::poll_fn(|cx| Pin::new(&mut h1).poll(cx))
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
+        poll_fn(|cx| Pin::new(&mut h1).poll(cx)).await.unwrap();
         assert!(h1.inner.io.is_closed());
 
         let mut buf = BytesMut::from(&client.read().await.unwrap()[..]);
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/h1/expect.rs b/ntex/src/http/h1/expect.rs
index 6f8abdbd0..b994bc02e 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/h1/expect.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/h1/expect.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::io;
 
+use crate::http::request::Request;
 use crate::service::{Service, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory};
-use crate::{http::request::Request, util::Ready};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct ExpectHandler;
@@ -11,21 +11,21 @@ impl ServiceFactory<Request> for ExpectHandler {
     type Error = io::Error;
     type Service = ExpectHandler;
     type InitError = io::Error;
-    type Future<'f> = Ready<Self::Service, Self::InitError>;
 
-    #[inline]
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
-        Ready::Ok(ExpectHandler)
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
+        Ok(ExpectHandler)
     }
 }
 
 impl Service<Request> for ExpectHandler {
     type Response = Request;
     type Error = io::Error;
-    type Future<'f> = Ready<Self::Response, Self::Error>;
 
-    #[inline]
-    fn call<'a>(&'a self, req: Request, _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Self::Future<'_> {
-        Ready::Ok(req)
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
+        req: Request,
+        _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(req)
     }
 }
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/h1/payload.rs b/ntex/src/http/h1/payload.rs
index 9784b1687..1fe5e5a54 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/h1/payload.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/h1/payload.rs
@@ -205,8 +205,9 @@ impl Inner {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use std::future::poll_fn;
+
     use super::*;
-    use crate::util::poll_fn;
 
     #[crate::rt_test]
     async fn test_unread_data() {
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/h1/service.rs b/ntex/src/http/h1/service.rs
index e1de217b5..c85f4c500 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/h1/service.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/h1/service.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use crate::http::error::{DispatchError, ResponseError};
 use crate::http::{request::Request, response::Response};
 use crate::io::{types, Filter, Io};
 use crate::service::{IntoServiceFactory, Service, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory};
-use crate::util::BoxFuture;
 
 use super::codec::Codec;
 use super::dispatcher::Dispatcher;
@@ -82,10 +81,9 @@ mod openssl {
         > {
             Acceptor::new(acceptor)
                 .timeout(self.cfg.ssl_handshake_timeout)
-                .chain()
                 .map_err(SslError::Ssl)
                 .map_init_err(|_| panic!())
-                .and_then(self.chain().map_err(SslError::Service))
+                .and_then(self.map_err(SslError::Service))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -128,10 +126,9 @@ mod rustls {
         > {
             Acceptor::from(config)
                 .timeout(self.cfg.ssl_handshake_timeout)
-                .chain()
                 .map_err(|e| SslError::Ssl(Box::new(e)))
                 .map_init_err(|_| panic!())
-                .and_then(self.chain().map_err(SslError::Service))
+                .and_then(self.map_err(SslError::Service))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -205,39 +202,36 @@ where
     type Error = DispatchError;
     type InitError = ();
     type Service = H1ServiceHandler<F, S::Service, B, X::Service, U::Service>;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError>>;
 
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
         let fut = self.srv.create(());
         let fut_ex = self.expect.create(());
         let fut_upg = self.upgrade.as_ref().map(|f| f.create(()));
         let on_request = self.on_request.borrow_mut().take();
         let cfg = self.cfg.clone();
 
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let service = fut
-                .await
-                .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?;
-            let expect = fut_ex
-                .await
-                .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?;
-            let upgrade = if let Some(fut) = fut_upg {
-                Some(
-                    fut.await
-                        .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?,
-                )
-            } else {
-                None
-            };
+        let service = fut
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?;
+        let expect = fut_ex
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?;
+        let upgrade = if let Some(fut) = fut_upg {
+            Some(
+                fut.await
+                    .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
 
-            let config = Rc::new(DispatcherConfig::new(
-                cfg, service, expect, upgrade, on_request,
-            ));
+        let config = Rc::new(DispatcherConfig::new(
+            cfg, service, expect, upgrade, on_request,
+        ));
 
-            Ok(H1ServiceHandler {
-                config,
-                _t: marker::PhantomData,
-            })
+        Ok(H1ServiceHandler {
+            config,
+            _t: marker::PhantomData,
         })
     }
 }
@@ -262,7 +256,6 @@ where
 {
     type Response = ();
     type Error = DispatchError;
-    type Future<'f> = Dispatcher<F, S, B, X, U>;
 
     fn poll_ready(
         &self,
@@ -324,12 +317,12 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    fn call<'a>(&'a self, io: Io<F>, _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Self::Future<'_> {
+    async fn call(&self, io: Io<F>, _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
         log::trace!(
             "New http1 connection, peer address {:?}",
             io.query::<types::PeerAddr>().get()
         );
 
-        Dispatcher::new(io, self.config.clone())
+        Dispatcher::new(io, self.config.clone()).await
     }
 }
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/h1/upgrade.rs b/ntex/src/http/h1/upgrade.rs
index 72208d56c..a61c72ebf 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/h1/upgrade.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/h1/upgrade.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use std::{io, marker::PhantomData};
 
 use crate::http::{h1::Codec, request::Request};
+use crate::io::Io;
 use crate::service::{Service, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory};
-use crate::{io::Io, util::Ready};
 
 pub struct UpgradeHandler<F>(PhantomData<F>);
 
@@ -12,10 +12,8 @@ impl<F> ServiceFactory<(Request, Io<F>, Codec)> for UpgradeHandler<F> {
 
     type Service = UpgradeHandler<F>;
     type InitError = io::Error;
-    type Future<'f> = Ready<Self::Service, Self::InitError> where Self: 'f;
 
-    #[inline]
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }
@@ -23,14 +21,12 @@ impl<F> ServiceFactory<(Request, Io<F>, Codec)> for UpgradeHandler<F> {
 impl<F> Service<(Request, Io<F>, Codec)> for UpgradeHandler<F> {
     type Response = ();
     type Error = io::Error;
-    type Future<'f> = Ready<Self::Response, Self::Error> where F: 'f;
 
-    #[inline]
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         _: (Request, Io<F>, Codec),
-        _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
+        _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/h2/payload.rs b/ntex/src/http/h2/payload.rs
index a8b753ab7..be2a17344 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/h2/payload.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/h2/payload.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 //! Payload stream
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::task::{Context, Poll};
-use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::VecDeque, pin::Pin, rc::Rc, rc::Weak};
+use std::{cell::RefCell, future::poll_fn, pin::Pin, rc::Rc, rc::Weak};
 
 use ntex_h2::{self as h2};
 
-use crate::util::{poll_fn, Bytes, Stream};
+use crate::util::{Bytes, Stream};
 use crate::{http::error::PayloadError, task::LocalWaker};
 
 /// Buffered stream of byte chunks
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/h2/service.rs b/ntex/src/http/h2/service.rs
index fd6f185eb..7e62c57ab 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/h2/service.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/h2/service.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::{cell::RefCell, io, task::Context, task::Poll};
-use std::{marker::PhantomData, mem, rc::Rc};
+use std::{future::poll_fn, marker::PhantomData, mem, rc::Rc};
 
 use ntex_h2::{self as h2, frame::StreamId, server};
 
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::http::message::{CurrentIo, ResponseHead};
 use crate::http::{DateService, Method, Request, Response, StatusCode, Uri, Version};
 use crate::io::{types, Filter, Io, IoBoxed, IoRef};
 use crate::service::{IntoServiceFactory, Service, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory};
-use crate::util::{poll_fn, BoxFuture, Bytes, BytesMut, Either, HashMap, Ready};
+use crate::util::{Bytes, BytesMut, HashMap};
 
 use super::payload::{Payload, PayloadSender};
 
@@ -71,10 +71,9 @@ mod openssl {
         > {
             Acceptor::new(acceptor)
                 .timeout(self.cfg.ssl_handshake_timeout)
-                .chain()
                 .map_err(SslError::Ssl)
                 .map_init_err(|_| panic!())
-                .and_then(self.chain().map_err(SslError::Service))
+                .and_then(self.map_err(SslError::Service))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -110,10 +109,9 @@ mod rustls {
 
             Acceptor::from(config)
                 .timeout(self.cfg.ssl_handshake_timeout)
-                .chain()
                 .map_err(|e| SslError::Ssl(Box::new(e)))
                 .map_init_err(|_| panic!())
-                .and_then(self.chain().map_err(SslError::Service))
+                .and_then(self.map_err(SslError::Service))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -130,20 +128,20 @@ where
     type Error = DispatchError;
     type InitError = S::InitError;
     type Service = H2ServiceHandler<F, S::Service, B>;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError>>;
 
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
-        let fut = self.srv.create(());
-        let cfg = self.cfg.clone();
-
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let service = fut.await?;
-            let config = Rc::new(DispatcherConfig::new(cfg, service, (), None, None));
-
-            Ok(H2ServiceHandler {
-                config,
-                _t: PhantomData,
-            })
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
+        let service = self.srv.create(()).await?;
+        let config = Rc::new(DispatcherConfig::new(
+            self.cfg.clone(),
+            service,
+            (),
+            None,
+            None,
+        ));
+
+        Ok(H2ServiceHandler {
+            config,
+            _t: PhantomData,
         })
     }
 }
@@ -164,9 +162,7 @@ where
 {
     type Response = ();
     type Error = DispatchError;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>;
 
-    #[inline]
     fn poll_ready(&self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
         self.config.service.poll_ready(cx).map_err(|e| {
             log::error!("Service readiness error: {:?}", e);
@@ -174,18 +170,21 @@ where
         })
     }
 
-    #[inline]
     fn poll_shutdown(&self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<()> {
         self.config.service.poll_shutdown(cx)
     }
 
-    fn call<'a>(&'a self, io: Io<F>, _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Self::Future<'_> {
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
+        io: Io<F>,
+        _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
         log::trace!(
             "New http2 connection, peer address {:?}",
             io.query::<types::PeerAddr>().get()
         );
 
-        Box::pin(handle(io.into(), self.config.clone()))
+        handle(io.into(), self.config.clone()).await
     }
 }
 
@@ -226,15 +225,14 @@ impl ControlService {
 impl Service<h2::ControlMessage<H2Error>> for ControlService {
     type Response = h2::ControlResult;
     type Error = ();
-    type Future<'f> = Ready<Self::Response, Self::Error>;
 
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         msg: h2::ControlMessage<H2Error>,
-        _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
+        _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
         log::trace!("Control message: {:?}", msg);
-        Ready::Ok::<_, ()>(msg.ack())
+        Ok::<_, ()>(msg.ack())
     }
 }
 
@@ -273,12 +271,12 @@ where
 {
     type Response = ();
     type Error = H2Error;
-    type Future<'f> = Either<
-        BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>,
-        Ready<Self::Response, Self::Error>,
-    >;
 
-    fn call<'a>(&'a self, msg: h2::Message, _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Self::Future<'a> {
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
+        msg: h2::Message,
+        _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
         let h2::Message { stream, kind } = msg;
         let (io, pseudo, headers, eof, payload) = match kind {
             h2::MessageKind::Headers {
@@ -303,7 +301,7 @@ where
                 } else {
                     log::error!("Payload stream does not exists for {:?}", stream.id());
                 };
-                return Either::Right(Ready::Ok(()));
+                return Ok(());
             }
             h2::MessageKind::Eof(item) => {
                 log::debug!("Got payload eof for {:?}: {:?}", stream.id(), item);
@@ -318,95 +316,93 @@ where
                         h2::StreamEof::Error(err) => sender.set_error(err.into()),
                     }
                 }
-                return Either::Right(Ready::Ok(()));
+                return Ok(());
             }
             h2::MessageKind::Disconnect(err) => {
                 log::debug!("Connection is disconnected {:?}", err);
                 if let Some(mut sender) = self.streams.borrow_mut().remove(&stream.id()) {
                     sender.set_error(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, err).into());
                 }
-                return Either::Right(Ready::Ok(()));
+                return Ok(());
             }
         };
 
         let cfg = self.config.clone();
 
-        Either::Left(Box::pin(async move {
-            log::trace!(
-                "{:?} got request (eof: {}): {:#?}\nheaders: {:#?}",
-                stream.id(),
-                eof,
-                pseudo,
-                headers
-            );
-            let mut req = if let Some(pl) = payload {
-                Request::with_payload(crate::http::Payload::H2(pl))
-            } else {
-                Request::new()
-            };
-
-            let path = pseudo.path.ok_or(H2Error::MissingPseudo("Path"))?;
-            let method = pseudo.method.ok_or(H2Error::MissingPseudo("Method"))?;
-
-            let head = req.head_mut();
-            head.uri = if let Some(ref authority) = pseudo.authority {
-                let scheme = pseudo.scheme.ok_or(H2Error::MissingPseudo("Scheme"))?;
-                Uri::try_from(format!("{}://{}{}", scheme, authority, path))?
-            } else {
-                Uri::try_from(path.as_str())?
-            };
-            let is_head_req = method == Method::HEAD;
-            head.version = Version::HTTP_2;
-            head.method = method;
-            head.headers = headers;
-            head.io = CurrentIo::Ref(io);
-
-            let (mut res, mut body) = match cfg.service.call(req).await {
-                Ok(res) => res.into().into_parts(),
-                Err(err) => {
-                    let (res, body) = Response::from(&err).into_parts();
-                    (res, body.into_body())
-                }
-            };
-
-            let head = res.head_mut();
-            let mut size = body.size();
-            prepare_response(&cfg.timer, head, &mut size);
-
-            log::debug!("Received service response: {:?} payload: {:?}", head, size);
-
-            let hdrs = mem::replace(&mut head.headers, HeaderMap::new());
-            if size.is_eof() || is_head_req {
-                stream.send_response(head.status, hdrs, true)?;
-            } else {
-                stream.send_response(head.status, hdrs, false)?;
-
-                loop {
-                    match poll_fn(|cx| body.poll_next_chunk(cx)).await {
-                        None => {
-                            log::debug!("{:?} closing payload stream", stream.id());
-                            stream.send_payload(Bytes::new(), true).await?;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        Some(Ok(chunk)) => {
-                            log::debug!(
-                                "{:?} sending data chunk {:?} bytes",
-                                stream.id(),
-                                chunk.len()
-                            );
-                            if !chunk.is_empty() {
-                                stream.send_payload(chunk, false).await?;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        Some(Err(e)) => {
-                            error!("Response payload stream error: {:?}", e);
-                            return Err(e.into());
+        log::trace!(
+            "{:?} got request (eof: {}): {:#?}\nheaders: {:#?}",
+            stream.id(),
+            eof,
+            pseudo,
+            headers
+        );
+        let mut req = if let Some(pl) = payload {
+            Request::with_payload(crate::http::Payload::H2(pl))
+        } else {
+            Request::new()
+        };
+
+        let path = pseudo.path.ok_or(H2Error::MissingPseudo("Path"))?;
+        let method = pseudo.method.ok_or(H2Error::MissingPseudo("Method"))?;
+
+        let head = req.head_mut();
+        head.uri = if let Some(ref authority) = pseudo.authority {
+            let scheme = pseudo.scheme.ok_or(H2Error::MissingPseudo("Scheme"))?;
+            Uri::try_from(format!("{}://{}{}", scheme, authority, path))?
+        } else {
+            Uri::try_from(path.as_str())?
+        };
+        let is_head_req = method == Method::HEAD;
+        head.version = Version::HTTP_2;
+        head.method = method;
+        head.headers = headers;
+        head.io = CurrentIo::Ref(io);
+
+        let (mut res, mut body) = match cfg.service.call(req).await {
+            Ok(res) => res.into().into_parts(),
+            Err(err) => {
+                let (res, body) = Response::from(&err).into_parts();
+                (res, body.into_body())
+            }
+        };
+
+        let head = res.head_mut();
+        let mut size = body.size();
+        prepare_response(&cfg.timer, head, &mut size);
+
+        log::debug!("Received service response: {:?} payload: {:?}", head, size);
+
+        let hdrs = mem::replace(&mut head.headers, HeaderMap::new());
+        if size.is_eof() || is_head_req {
+            stream.send_response(head.status, hdrs, true)?;
+        } else {
+            stream.send_response(head.status, hdrs, false)?;
+
+            loop {
+                match poll_fn(|cx| body.poll_next_chunk(cx)).await {
+                    None => {
+                        log::debug!("{:?} closing payload stream", stream.id());
+                        stream.send_payload(Bytes::new(), true).await?;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    Some(Ok(chunk)) => {
+                        log::debug!(
+                            "{:?} sending data chunk {:?} bytes",
+                            stream.id(),
+                            chunk.len()
+                        );
+                        if !chunk.is_empty() {
+                            stream.send_payload(chunk, false).await?;
                         }
                     }
+                    Some(Err(e)) => {
+                        error!("Response payload stream error: {:?}", e);
+                        return Err(e.into());
+                    }
                 }
             }
-            Ok(())
-        }))
+        }
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/payload.rs b/ntex/src/http/payload.rs
index 2fd38adb4..74b082d8b 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/payload.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/payload.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use std::{fmt, mem, pin::Pin, task::Context, task::Poll};
+use std::{fmt, future::poll_fn, mem, pin::Pin, task::Context, task::Poll};
 
 use super::{error::PayloadError, h1, h2};
-use crate::util::{poll_fn, Bytes, Stream};
+use crate::util::{Bytes, Stream};
 
 /// Type represent boxed payload
 pub type PayloadStream = Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = Result<Bytes, PayloadError>>>>;
diff --git a/ntex/src/http/service.rs b/ntex/src/http/service.rs
index 44539092e..7b12f858d 100644
--- a/ntex/src/http/service.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/http/service.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-use std::task::{Context, Poll};
-use std::{cell, error, fmt, future, marker, pin::Pin, rc::Rc};
+use std::{cell, error, fmt, marker, rc::Rc, task::Context, task::Poll};
 
 use crate::io::{types, Filter, Io};
 use crate::service::{IntoServiceFactory, Service, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory};
-use crate::util::BoxFuture;
 
 use super::body::MessageBody;
 use super::builder::HttpServiceBuilder;
@@ -175,10 +173,9 @@ mod openssl {
         > {
             Acceptor::new(acceptor)
                 .timeout(self.cfg.ssl_handshake_timeout)
-                .chain()
                 .map_err(SslError::Ssl)
                 .map_init_err(|_| panic!())
-                .and_then(self.chain().map_err(SslError::Service))
+                .and_then(self.map_err(SslError::Service))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -222,10 +219,9 @@ mod rustls {
 
             Acceptor::from(config)
                 .timeout(self.cfg.ssl_handshake_timeout)
-                .chain()
                 .map_err(|e| SslError::Ssl(Box::new(e)))
                 .map_init_err(|_| panic!())
-                .and_then(self.chain().map_err(SslError::Service))
+                .and_then(self.map_err(SslError::Service))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -249,39 +245,36 @@ where
     type Error = DispatchError;
     type InitError = ();
     type Service = HttpServiceHandler<F, S::Service, B, X::Service, U::Service>;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError>>;
 
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
         let fut = self.srv.create(());
         let fut_ex = self.expect.create(());
         let fut_upg = self.upgrade.as_ref().map(|f| f.create(()));
         let on_request = self.on_request.borrow_mut().take();
         let cfg = self.cfg.clone();
 
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let service = fut
-                .await
-                .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?;
-
-            let expect = fut_ex
-                .await
-                .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?;
-
-            let upgrade = if let Some(fut) = fut_upg {
-                Some(
-                    fut.await
-                        .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?,
-                )
-            } else {
-                None
-            };
-
-            let config = DispatcherConfig::new(cfg, service, expect, upgrade, on_request);
-
-            Ok(HttpServiceHandler {
-                config: Rc::new(config),
-                _t: marker::PhantomData,
-            })
+        let service = fut
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?;
+
+        let expect = fut_ex
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?;
+
+        let upgrade = if let Some(fut) = fut_upg {
+            Some(
+                fut.await
+                    .map_err(|e| log::error!("Init http service error: {:?}", e))?,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        let config = DispatcherConfig::new(cfg, service, expect, upgrade, on_request);
+
+        Ok(HttpServiceHandler {
+            config: Rc::new(config),
+            _t: marker::PhantomData,
         })
     }
 }
@@ -306,7 +299,6 @@ where
 {
     type Response = ();
     type Error = DispatchError;
-    type Future<'f> = HttpServiceHandlerResponse<F, S, B, X, U>;
 
     fn poll_ready(&self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
         let cfg = self.config.as_ref();
@@ -365,96 +357,20 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    fn call<'a>(&'a self, io: Io<F>, _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Self::Future<'a> {
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
+        io: Io<F>,
+        _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
         log::trace!(
             "New http connection, peer address {:?}",
             io.query::<types::PeerAddr>().get()
         );
 
         if io.query::<types::HttpProtocol>().get() == Some(types::HttpProtocol::Http2) {
-            HttpServiceHandlerResponse {
-                state: ResponseState::H2 {
-                    fut: Box::pin(h2::handle(io.into(), self.config.clone())),
-                },
-            }
+            h2::handle(io.into(), self.config.clone()).await
         } else {
-            HttpServiceHandlerResponse {
-                state: ResponseState::H1 {
-                    fut: h1::Dispatcher::new(io, self.config.clone()),
-                },
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
-    pub struct HttpServiceHandlerResponse<F, S, B, X, U>
-    where
-        F: Filter,
-        S: Service<Request>,
-        S: 'static,
-        S::Error: ResponseError,
-        S::Response: Into<Response<B>>,
-        B: MessageBody,
-        X: Service<Request, Response = Request>,
-        X: 'static,
-        X::Error: ResponseError,
-        X::Error: 'static,
-        U: Service<(Request, Io<F>, h1::Codec), Response = ()>,
-        U: 'static,
-        U::Error: fmt::Display,
-        U::Error: error::Error,
-        U: 'static,
-    {
-        #[pin]
-        state: ResponseState<F, S, B, X, U>,
-    }
-}
-
-pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
-    #[project = StateProject]
-    enum ResponseState<F, S, B, X, U>
-    where
-        F: Filter,
-        S: Service<Request>,
-        S: 'static,
-        S::Error: ResponseError,
-        B: MessageBody,
-        X: Service<Request, Response = Request>,
-        X: 'static,
-        X::Error: ResponseError,
-        X::Error: 'static,
-        U: Service<(Request, Io<F>, h1::Codec), Response = ()>,
-        U: 'static,
-        U::Error: fmt::Display,
-        U::Error: error::Error,
-        U: 'static,
-    {
-        H1 { #[pin] fut: h1::Dispatcher<F, S, B, X, U> },
-        H2 { fut: BoxFuture<'static, Result<(), DispatchError>> },
-    }
-}
-
-impl<F, S, B, X, U> future::Future for HttpServiceHandlerResponse<F, S, B, X, U>
-where
-    F: Filter,
-    S: Service<Request> + 'static,
-    S::Error: ResponseError,
-    S::Response: Into<Response<B>>,
-    B: MessageBody,
-    X: Service<Request, Response = Request> + 'static,
-    X::Error: ResponseError,
-    U: Service<(Request, Io<F>, h1::Codec), Response = ()> + 'static,
-    U::Error: fmt::Display + error::Error,
-{
-    type Output = Result<(), DispatchError>;
-
-    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
-        let this = self.as_mut().project();
-
-        match this.state.project() {
-            StateProject::H1 { fut } => fut.poll(cx),
-            StateProject::H2 { ref mut fut } => Pin::new(fut).poll(cx),
+            h1::Dispatcher::new(io, self.config.clone()).await
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/ntex/src/lib.rs b/ntex/src/lib.rs
index a6aa6ced5..ab77abde4 100644
--- a/ntex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/lib.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub mod ws;
 
 pub use self::service::{
     chain, chain_factory, fn_service, into_service, IntoService, IntoServiceFactory,
-    Middleware, Pipeline, Service, ServiceCall, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory,
+    Middleware, Pipeline, Service, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory,
 };
 
 pub use ntex_util::{channel, task};
diff --git a/ntex/src/server/builder.rs b/ntex/src/server/builder.rs
index cb23ee117..f93e310a0 100644
--- a/ntex/src/server/builder.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/server/builder.rs
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ impl ServerBuilder {
     pub fn set_tag<N: AsRef<str>>(mut self, name: N, tag: &'static str) -> Self {
         let mut token = None;
         for sock in &self.sockets {
-            if &sock.1 == name.as_ref() {
+            if sock.1 == name.as_ref() {
                 token = Some(sock.0);
                 break;
             }
diff --git a/ntex/src/server/config.rs b/ntex/src/server/config.rs
index fb3dead48..c68f4fb60 100644
--- a/ntex/src/server/config.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/server/config.rs
@@ -397,20 +397,17 @@ where
     type Error = ();
     type InitError = ();
     type Service = BoxedServerService;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<BoxedServerService, ()>> where Self: 'f;
 
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<BoxedServerService, ()> {
         let tag = self.tag;
         let pool = self.pool;
-        let fut = self.inner.create(());
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            match fut.await {
-                Ok(s) => Ok(boxed::service(StreamService::new(s, tag, pool))),
-                Err(e) => {
-                    error!("Cannot construct service: {:?}", e);
-                    Err(())
-                }
+
+        match self.inner.create(()).await {
+            Ok(s) => Ok(boxed::service(StreamService::new(s, tag, pool))),
+            Err(e) => {
+                error!("Cannot construct service: {:?}", e);
+                Err(())
             }
-        })
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/ntex/src/server/service.rs b/ntex/src/server/service.rs
index 248dffdab..882b49932 100644
--- a/ntex/src/server/service.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/server/service.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ where
 {
     type Response = ();
     type Error = ();
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<(), ()>> where T: 'f;
 
     crate::forward_poll_shutdown!(service);
 
@@ -77,32 +76,30 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         (guard, req): (Option<CounterGuard>, ServerMessage),
-        ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            match req {
-                ServerMessage::Connect(stream) => {
-                    let stream = stream.try_into().map_err(|e| {
-                        error!("Cannot convert to an async io stream: {}", e);
-                    });
-
-                    if let Ok(stream) = stream {
-                        let stream: Io<_> = stream;
-                        stream.set_tag(self.tag);
-                        stream.set_memory_pool(self.pool_ref);
-                        let _ = ctx.call(self.service.as_ref(), stream).await;
-                        drop(guard);
-                        Ok(())
-                    } else {
-                        Err(())
-                    }
+        ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        match req {
+            ServerMessage::Connect(stream) => {
+                let stream = stream.try_into().map_err(|e| {
+                    error!("Cannot convert to an async io stream: {}", e);
+                });
+
+                if let Ok(stream) = stream {
+                    let stream: Io<_> = stream;
+                    stream.set_tag(self.tag);
+                    stream.set_memory_pool(self.pool_ref);
+                    let _ = ctx.call(self.service.as_ref(), stream).await;
+                    drop(guard);
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    Err(())
                 }
-                _ => Ok(()),
             }
-        })
+            _ => Ok(()),
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ntex/src/server/worker.rs b/ntex/src/server/worker.rs
index 8a56407ec..64476f08c 100644
--- a/ntex/src/server/worker.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/server/worker.rs
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::io::Io;
     use crate::server::service::Factory;
     use crate::service::{Service, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory};
-    use crate::util::{lazy, Ready};
+    use crate::util::lazy;
 
     #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
     enum St {
@@ -535,12 +535,11 @@ mod tests {
         type Error = ();
         type Service = Srv;
         type InitError = ();
-        type Future<'f> = Ready<Srv, ()>;
 
-        fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
+        async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Srv, ()> {
             let mut cnt = self.counter.lock().unwrap();
             *cnt += 1;
-            Ready::Ok(Srv {
+            Ok(Srv {
                 st: self.st.clone(),
             })
         }
@@ -553,7 +552,6 @@ mod tests {
     impl Service<Io> for Srv {
         type Response = ();
         type Error = ();
-        type Future<'f> = Ready<(), ()>;
 
         fn poll_ready(&self, _: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
             let st: St = { *self.st.lock().unwrap() };
@@ -574,8 +572,8 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
-        fn call<'a>(&'a self, _: Io, _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Self::Future<'a> {
-            Ready::Ok(())
+        async fn call(&self, _: Io, _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>) -> Result<(), ()> {
+            Ok(())
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/ntex/src/web/app.rs b/ntex/src/web/app.rs
index 580a7e102..49f11d6e2 100644
--- a/ntex/src/web/app.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/web/app.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::service::{
     chain_factory, dev::ServiceChainFactory, map_config, IntoServiceFactory,
 };
 use crate::service::{Identity, Middleware, Service, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory, Stack};
-use crate::util::{BoxFuture, Extensions, Ready};
+use crate::util::{BoxFuture, Extensions};
 
 use super::app_service::{AppFactory, AppService};
 use super::config::{AppConfig, ServiceConfig};
@@ -269,9 +269,9 @@ where
         U::InitError: fmt::Debug,
     {
         // create and configure default resource
-        self.default = Some(Rc::new(boxed::factory(f.chain().map_init_err(|e| {
-            log::error!("Cannot construct default service: {:?}", e)
-        }))));
+        self.default = Some(Rc::new(boxed::factory(chain_factory(f).map_init_err(
+            |e| log::error!("Cannot construct default service: {:?}", e),
+        ))));
 
         self
     }
@@ -569,26 +569,22 @@ impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> ServiceFactory<WebRequest<Err>> for Filter<Err> {
     type Error = Err::Container;
     type InitError = ();
     type Service = Filter<Err>;
-    type Future<'f> = Ready<Filter<Err>, ()>;
 
-    #[inline]
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
-        Ready::Ok(Filter(PhantomData))
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
+        Ok(Filter(PhantomData))
     }
 }
 
 impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> Service<WebRequest<Err>> for Filter<Err> {
     type Response = WebRequest<Err>;
     type Error = Err::Container;
-    type Future<'f> = Ready<WebRequest<Err>, Err::Container>;
 
-    #[inline]
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         req: WebRequest<Err>,
-        _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
-        Ready::Ok(req)
+        _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<WebRequest<Err>, Err::Container> {
+        Ok(req)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ntex/src/web/app_service.rs b/ntex/src/web/app_service.rs
index 2b65b637c..c94a010a8 100644
--- a/ntex/src/web/app_service.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/web/app_service.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-use std::task::{Context, Poll};
-use std::{cell::RefCell, future::Future, marker::PhantomData, pin::Pin, rc::Rc};
+use std::{cell::RefCell, marker::PhantomData, rc::Rc, task::Context, task::Poll};
 
 use crate::http::{Request, Response};
 use crate::router::{Path, ResourceDef, Router};
 use crate::service::boxed::{self, BoxService, BoxServiceFactory};
 use crate::service::dev::ServiceChainFactory;
-use crate::service::{
-    fn_service, Middleware, Service, ServiceCall, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory,
-};
-use crate::util::{BoxFuture, Either, Extensions};
+use crate::service::{fn_service, Middleware, Service, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory};
+use crate::util::{BoxFuture, Extensions};
 
 use super::config::AppConfig;
 use super::error::ErrorRenderer;
@@ -24,8 +21,6 @@ type HttpService<Err: ErrorRenderer> =
     BoxService<WebRequest<Err>, WebResponse, Err::Container>;
 type HttpNewService<Err: ErrorRenderer> =
     BoxServiceFactory<(), WebRequest<Err>, WebResponse, Err::Container, ()>;
-type BoxResponse<'a, Err: ErrorRenderer> =
-    ServiceCall<'a, HttpService<Err>, WebRequest<Err>>;
 type FnStateFactory = Box<dyn Fn(Extensions) -> BoxFuture<'static, Result<Extensions, ()>>>;
 
 /// Service factory to convert `Request` to a `WebRequest<S>`.
@@ -66,10 +61,9 @@ where
     type Error = Err::Container;
     type InitError = ();
     type Service = AppFactoryService<T::Service, Err>;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError>> where Self: 'f;
 
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
-        ServiceFactory::create(self, AppConfig::default())
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
+        ServiceFactory::create(self, AppConfig::default()).await
     }
 }
 
@@ -89,9 +83,8 @@ where
     type Error = Err::Container;
     type InitError = ();
     type Service = AppFactoryService<T::Service, Err>;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError>> where Self: 'f;
 
-    fn create(&self, config: AppConfig) -> Self::Future<'_> {
+    async fn create(&self, config: AppConfig) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
         let services = std::mem::take(&mut *self.services.borrow_mut());
 
         // update resource default service
@@ -114,65 +107,63 @@ where
             router.case_insensitive();
         }
 
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            // app state factories
-            for fut in state_factories.iter() {
-                extensions = fut(extensions).await?;
-            }
-            let state = AppState::new(extensions, None, config.clone());
-
-            // App config
-            let mut config = WebServiceConfig::new(state.clone(), default.clone());
+        // app state factories
+        for fut in state_factories.iter() {
+            extensions = fut(extensions).await?;
+        }
+        let state = AppState::new(extensions, None, config.clone());
 
-            // register services
-            services
-                .into_iter()
-                .for_each(|mut srv| srv.register(&mut config));
-            let services = config.into_services();
+        // App config
+        let mut config = WebServiceConfig::new(state.clone(), default.clone());
 
-            // resource map
-            let mut rmap = ResourceMap::new(ResourceDef::new(""));
-            for mut rdef in external {
-                rmap.add(&mut rdef, None);
-            }
+        // register services
+        services
+            .into_iter()
+            .for_each(|mut srv| srv.register(&mut config));
+        let services = config.into_services();
 
-            // complete pipeline creation
-            let services: Vec<_> = services
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|(mut rdef, srv, guards, nested)| {
-                    rmap.add(&mut rdef, nested);
-                    (rdef, srv, RefCell::new(guards))
-                })
-                .collect();
-
-            // complete ResourceMap tree creation
-            let rmap = Rc::new(rmap);
-            rmap.finish(rmap.clone());
-
-            // create http services
-            for (path, factory, guards) in &mut services.iter() {
-                let service = factory.create(()).await?;
-                router.rdef(path.clone(), service).2 = guards.borrow_mut().take();
-            }
+        // resource map
+        let mut rmap = ResourceMap::new(ResourceDef::new(""));
+        for mut rdef in external {
+            rmap.add(&mut rdef, None);
+        }
 
-            let routing = AppRouting {
-                router: router.finish(),
-                default: Some(default.create(()).await?),
-            };
-
-            // main service
-            let service = AppService {
-                routing,
-                filter: filter_fut.await?,
-            };
-
-            Ok(AppFactoryService {
-                rmap,
-                state,
-                service: middleware.create(service),
-                pool: HttpRequestPool::create(),
-                _t: PhantomData,
+        // complete pipeline creation
+        let services: Vec<_> = services
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(mut rdef, srv, guards, nested)| {
+                rmap.add(&mut rdef, nested);
+                (rdef, srv, RefCell::new(guards))
             })
+            .collect();
+
+        // complete ResourceMap tree creation
+        let rmap = Rc::new(rmap);
+        rmap.finish(rmap.clone());
+
+        // create http services
+        for (path, factory, guards) in &mut services.iter() {
+            let service = factory.create(()).await?;
+            router.rdef(path.clone(), service).2 = guards.borrow_mut().take();
+        }
+
+        let routing = AppRouting {
+            router: router.finish(),
+            default: Some(default.create(()).await?),
+        };
+
+        // main service
+        let service = AppService {
+            routing,
+            filter: filter_fut.await?,
+        };
+
+        Ok(AppFactoryService {
+            rmap,
+            state,
+            service: middleware.create(service),
+            pool: HttpRequestPool::create(),
+            _t: PhantomData,
         })
     }
 }
@@ -197,12 +188,15 @@ where
 {
     type Response = WebResponse;
     type Error = T::Error;
-    type Future<'f> = ServiceCall<'f, T, WebRequest<Err>> where T: 'f;
 
     crate::forward_poll_ready!(service);
     crate::forward_poll_shutdown!(service);
 
-    fn call<'a>(&'a self, req: Request, ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>) -> Self::Future<'a> {
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
+        req: Request,
+        ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
         let (head, payload) = req.into_parts();
 
         let req = if let Some(mut req) = self.pool.get_request() {
@@ -222,7 +216,7 @@ where
                 self.pool,
             )
         };
-        ctx.call(&self.service, WebRequest::new(req))
+        ctx.call(&self.service, WebRequest::new(req)).await
     }
 }
 
@@ -244,14 +238,12 @@ struct AppRouting<Err: ErrorRenderer> {
 impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> Service<WebRequest<Err>> for AppRouting<Err> {
     type Response = WebResponse;
     type Error = Err::Container;
-    type Future<'f> =
-        Either<BoxResponse<'f, Err>, BoxFuture<'f, Result<WebResponse, Err::Container>>>;
 
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         mut req: WebRequest<Err>,
-        ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
+        ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<WebResponse, Err::Container> {
         let res = self.router.recognize_checked(&mut req, |req, guards| {
             if let Some(guards) = guards {
                 for f in guards {
@@ -264,14 +256,12 @@ impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> Service<WebRequest<Err>> for AppRouting<Err> {
         });
 
         if let Some((srv, _info)) = res {
-            Either::Left(ctx.call(srv, req))
+            ctx.call(srv, req).await
         } else if let Some(ref default) = self.default {
-            Either::Left(ctx.call(default, req))
+            ctx.call(default, req).await
         } else {
             let req = req.into_parts().0;
-            Either::Right(Box::pin(async {
-                Ok(WebResponse::new(Response::NotFound().finish(), req))
-            }))
+            Ok(WebResponse::new(Response::NotFound().finish(), req))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -289,7 +279,6 @@ where
 {
     type Response = WebResponse;
     type Error = Err::Container;
-    type Future<'f> = AppServiceResponse<'f, F, Err> where F: 'f;
 
     #[inline]
     fn poll_ready(&self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
@@ -302,58 +291,13 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         req: WebRequest<Err>,
-        ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
-        AppServiceResponse {
-            filter: ctx.call(&self.filter, req),
-            routing: &self.routing,
-            endpoint: None,
-            ctx,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-type BoxAppServiceResponse<'a, Err: ErrorRenderer> =
-    ServiceCall<'a, AppRouting<Err>, WebRequest<Err>>;
-
-pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
-    pub struct AppServiceResponse<'f, F: Service<WebRequest<Err>>, Err: ErrorRenderer>
-    where F: 'f
-    {
-        #[pin]
-        filter: ServiceCall<'f, F, WebRequest<Err>>,
-        routing: &'f AppRouting<Err>,
-        endpoint: Option<BoxAppServiceResponse<'f, Err>>,
-        ctx: ServiceCtx<'f, AppService<F, Err>>,
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'f, F, Err> Future for AppServiceResponse<'f, F, Err>
-where
-    F: Service<WebRequest<Err>, Response = WebRequest<Err>, Error = Err::Container>,
-    Err: ErrorRenderer,
-{
-    type Output = Result<WebResponse, Err::Container>;
-
-    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
-        let mut this = self.as_mut().project();
-
-        loop {
-            if let Some(fut) = this.endpoint.as_mut() {
-                return Pin::new(fut).poll(cx);
-            } else {
-                let res = if let Poll::Ready(res) = this.filter.poll(cx) {
-                    res?
-                } else {
-                    return Poll::Pending;
-                };
-                *this.endpoint = Some(this.ctx.call(this.routing, res));
-                this = self.as_mut().project();
-            }
-        }
+        ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
+        let req = ctx.call(&self.filter, req).await?;
+        ctx.call(&self.routing, req).await
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ntex/src/web/error.rs b/ntex/src/web/error.rs
index d1a6dd523..1080a44d6 100644
--- a/ntex/src/web/error.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/web/error.rs
@@ -84,10 +84,6 @@ pub enum StateExtractorError {
     NotConfigured,
 }
 
-#[deprecated]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub type DataExtractorError = StateExtractorError;
-
 /// Errors which can occur when attempting to generate resource uri.
 #[derive(Error, Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum UrlGenerationError {
diff --git a/ntex/src/web/middleware/compress.rs b/ntex/src/web/middleware/compress.rs
index d8dc137cf..0072021f5 100644
--- a/ntex/src/web/middleware/compress.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/web/middleware/compress.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 //! `Middleware` for compressing response body.
-use std::task::{Context, Poll};
-use std::{cmp, future::Future, marker, pin::Pin, str::FromStr};
+use std::{cmp, str::FromStr};
 
 use crate::http::encoding::Encoder;
 use crate::http::header::{ContentEncoding, ACCEPT_ENCODING};
-use crate::service::{Middleware, Service, ServiceCall, ServiceCtx};
+use crate::service::{Middleware, Service, ServiceCtx};
 use crate::web::{BodyEncoding, ErrorRenderer, WebRequest, WebResponse};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -67,16 +66,15 @@ where
 {
     type Response = WebResponse;
     type Error = S::Error;
-    type Future<'f> = CompressResponse<'f, S, E> where S: 'f;
 
     crate::forward_poll_ready!(service);
     crate::forward_poll_shutdown!(service);
 
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         req: WebRequest<E>,
-        ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
+        ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<WebResponse, S::Error> {
         // negotiate content-encoding
         let encoding = if let Some(val) = req.headers().get(&ACCEPT_ENCODING) {
             if let Ok(enc) = val.to_str() {
@@ -88,50 +86,15 @@ where
             ContentEncoding::Identity
         };
 
-        CompressResponse {
-            encoding,
-            fut: ctx.call(&self.service, req),
-            _t: marker::PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
+        let resp = ctx.call(&self.service, req).await?;
 
-pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub struct CompressResponse<'f, S: Service<WebRequest<E>>, E>
-    where S: 'f, E: 'f
-    {
-        #[pin]
-        fut: ServiceCall<'f, S, WebRequest<E>>,
-        encoding: ContentEncoding,
-        _t: marker::PhantomData<E>,
-    }
-}
+        let enc = if let Some(enc) = resp.response().get_encoding() {
+            enc
+        } else {
+            encoding
+        };
 
-impl<'f, S, E> Future for CompressResponse<'f, S, E>
-where
-    S: Service<WebRequest<E>, Response = WebResponse>,
-    E: ErrorRenderer,
-{
-    type Output = Result<WebResponse, S::Error>;
-
-    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
-        let this = self.project();
-
-        match this.fut.poll(cx)? {
-            Poll::Ready(resp) => {
-                let enc = if let Some(enc) = resp.response().get_encoding() {
-                    enc
-                } else {
-                    *this.encoding
-                };
-
-                Poll::Ready(Ok(
-                    resp.map_body(move |head, body| Encoder::response(enc, head, body))
-                ))
-            }
-            Poll::Pending => Poll::Pending,
-        }
+        Ok(resp.map_body(move |head, body| Encoder::response(enc, head, body)))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ntex/src/web/middleware/defaultheaders.rs b/ntex/src/web/middleware/defaultheaders.rs
index f8d054546..eebe0ec77 100644
--- a/ntex/src/web/middleware/defaultheaders.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/web/middleware/defaultheaders.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use crate::http::error::HttpError;
 use crate::http::header::{HeaderMap, HeaderName, HeaderValue, CONTENT_TYPE};
 use crate::service::{Middleware, Service, ServiceCtx};
-use crate::util::BoxFuture;
 use crate::web::{WebRequest, WebResponse};
 
 /// `Middleware` for setting default response headers.
@@ -111,35 +110,31 @@ where
 {
     type Response = WebResponse;
     type Error = S::Error;
-    type Future<'f> =
-        BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>> where S: 'f, E: 'f;
 
     crate::forward_poll_ready!(service);
     crate::forward_poll_shutdown!(service);
 
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         req: WebRequest<E>,
-        ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let mut res = ctx.call(&self.service, req).await?;
-
-            // set response headers
-            for (key, value) in self.inner.headers.iter() {
-                if !res.headers().contains_key(key) {
-                    res.headers_mut().insert(key.clone(), value.clone());
-                }
-            }
-            // default content-type
-            if self.inner.ct && !res.headers().contains_key(&CONTENT_TYPE) {
-                res.headers_mut().insert(
-                    CONTENT_TYPE,
-                    HeaderValue::from_static("application/octet-stream"),
-                );
+        ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
+        let mut res = ctx.call(&self.service, req).await?;
+
+        // set response headers
+        for (key, value) in self.inner.headers.iter() {
+            if !res.headers().contains_key(key) {
+                res.headers_mut().insert(key.clone(), value.clone());
             }
-            Ok(res)
-        })
+        }
+        // default content-type
+        if self.inner.ct && !res.headers().contains_key(&CONTENT_TYPE) {
+            res.headers_mut().insert(
+                CONTENT_TYPE,
+                HeaderValue::from_static("application/octet-stream"),
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(res)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ntex/src/web/middleware/logger.rs b/ntex/src/web/middleware/logger.rs
index 51a45a62b..3880f6e0c 100644
--- a/ntex/src/web/middleware/logger.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/web/middleware/logger.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 //! Request logging middleware
-use std::task::{ready, Context, Poll};
-use std::{env, error::Error, future::Future};
-use std::{fmt, fmt::Display, marker::PhantomData, pin::Pin, rc::Rc, time};
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use std::{env, error::Error, fmt, fmt::Display, rc::Rc, time};
 
 use regex::Regex;
 
 use crate::http::body::{Body, BodySize, MessageBody, ResponseBody};
 use crate::http::header::HeaderName;
-use crate::service::{Middleware, Service, ServiceCall, ServiceCtx};
-use crate::util::{Bytes, Either, HashSet};
+use crate::service::{Middleware, Service, ServiceCtx};
+use crate::util::{Bytes, HashSet};
 use crate::web::{HttpResponse, WebRequest, WebResponse};
 
 /// `Middleware` for logging request and response info to the terminal.
@@ -139,19 +138,17 @@ where
 {
     type Response = WebResponse;
     type Error = S::Error;
-    type Future<'f> = Either<LoggerResponse<'f, S, E>, ServiceCall<'f, S, WebRequest<E>>> where S: 'f, E: 'f;
 
     crate::forward_poll_ready!(service);
     crate::forward_poll_shutdown!(service);
 
-    #[inline]
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         req: WebRequest<E>,
-        ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
+        ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
         if self.inner.exclude.contains(req.path()) {
-            Either::Right(ctx.call(&self.service, req))
+            ctx.call(&self.service, req).await
         } else {
             let time = time::SystemTime::now();
             let mut format = self.inner.format.clone();
@@ -159,56 +156,21 @@ where
             for unit in &mut format.0 {
                 unit.render_request(time, &req);
             }
-            Either::Left(LoggerResponse {
-                time,
-                format: Some(format),
-                fut: ctx.call(&self.service, req),
-                _t: PhantomData,
-            })
-        }
-    }
-}
 
-pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub struct LoggerResponse<'f, S: Service<WebRequest<E>>, E>
-    where S: 'f, E: 'f
-    {
-        #[pin]
-        fut: ServiceCall<'f, S, WebRequest<E>>,
-        time: time::SystemTime,
-        format: Option<Format>,
-        _t: PhantomData<E>
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'f, S, E> Future for LoggerResponse<'f, S, E>
-where
-    S: Service<WebRequest<E>, Response = WebResponse>,
-{
-    type Output = Result<WebResponse, S::Error>;
-
-    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
-        let this = self.project();
-
-        let res = ready!(this.fut.poll(cx)?);
-        if let Some(ref mut format) = this.format {
+            let res = ctx.call(&self.service, req).await?;
             for unit in &mut format.0 {
                 unit.render_response(res.response());
             }
-        }
-
-        let time = *this.time;
-        let format = this.format.take();
 
-        Poll::Ready(Ok(res.map_body(move |_, body| {
-            ResponseBody::Other(Body::from_message(StreamLog {
-                body,
-                time,
-                format,
-                size: 0,
+            Ok(res.map_body(move |_, body| {
+                ResponseBody::Other(Body::from_message(StreamLog {
+                    body,
+                    time,
+                    format: Some(format),
+                    size: 0,
+                }))
             }))
-        })))
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ntex/src/web/resource.rs b/ntex/src/web/resource.rs
index d2131b7ab..51b295fa9 100644
--- a/ntex/src/web/resource.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/web/resource.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ use crate::http::Response;
 use crate::router::{IntoPattern, ResourceDef};
 use crate::service::boxed::{self, BoxService, BoxServiceFactory};
 use crate::service::dev::{AndThen, ServiceChain, ServiceChainFactory};
-use crate::service::{chain_factory, ServiceCtx};
+use crate::service::{chain, chain_factory, ServiceCtx};
 use crate::service::{
-    Identity, IntoServiceFactory, Middleware, Service, ServiceCall, ServiceFactory, Stack,
+    Identity, IntoServiceFactory, Middleware, Service, ServiceFactory, Stack,
 };
-use crate::util::{BoxFuture, Either, Extensions, Ready};
+use crate::util::Extensions;
 
 use super::dev::{insert_slash, WebServiceConfig, WebServiceFactory};
 use super::extract::FromRequest;
@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ type HttpNewService<Err: ErrorRenderer> =
     BoxServiceFactory<(), WebRequest<Err>, WebResponse, Err::Container, ()>;
 type ResourcePipeline<F, Err> =
     ServiceChain<AndThen<F, ResourceRouter<Err>>, WebRequest<Err>>;
-type BoxResponse<'a, Err: ErrorRenderer> =
-    ServiceCall<'a, HttpService<Err>, WebRequest<Err>>;
 
 /// *Resource* is an entry in resources table which corresponds to requested URL.
 ///
@@ -302,7 +300,7 @@ where
     {
         // create and configure default resource
         self.default = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Some(Rc::new(boxed::factory(
-            f.chain()
+            chain_factory(f.into_factory())
                 .map_init_err(|e| log::error!("Cannot construct default service: {:?}", e)),
         )))));
 
@@ -420,14 +418,11 @@ where
     type Error = Err::Container;
     type Service = M::Service;
     type InitError = ();
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError>>;
 
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let filter = self.filter.create(()).await?;
-            let routing = self.routing.create(()).await?;
-            Ok(self.middleware.create(filter.chain().and_then(routing)))
-        })
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
+        let filter = self.filter.create(()).await?;
+        let routing = self.routing.create(()).await?;
+        Ok(self.middleware.create(chain(filter).and_then(routing)))
     }
 }
 
@@ -442,27 +437,21 @@ impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> ServiceFactory<WebRequest<Err>> for ResourceRouterFacto
     type Error = Err::Container;
     type InitError = ();
     type Service = ResourceRouter<Err>;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError>>;
-
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let default = if let Some(ref default) = self.default {
-                Some(default.create(()).await?)
-            } else {
-                None
-            };
-            Ok(ResourceRouter {
-                default,
-                state: self.state.clone(),
-                routes: self.routes.iter().map(|route| route.service()).collect(),
-            })
+
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
+        let default = if let Some(ref default) = self.default {
+            Some(default.create(()).await?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        Ok(ResourceRouter {
+            default,
+            state: self.state.clone(),
+            routes: self.routes.iter().map(|route| route.service()).collect(),
         })
     }
 }
 
-type BoxResourceRouterResponse<'a, Err: ErrorRenderer> =
-    ServiceCall<'a, RouteService<Err>, WebRequest<Err>>;
-
 pub struct ResourceRouter<Err: ErrorRenderer> {
     state: Option<AppState>,
     routes: Vec<RouteService<Err>>,
@@ -472,31 +461,27 @@ pub struct ResourceRouter<Err: ErrorRenderer> {
 impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> Service<WebRequest<Err>> for ResourceRouter<Err> {
     type Response = WebResponse;
     type Error = Err::Container;
-    type Future<'f> = Either<
-        BoxResourceRouterResponse<'f, Err>,
-        Either<Ready<WebResponse, Err::Container>, BoxResponse<'f, Err>>,
-    >;
 
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         mut req: WebRequest<Err>,
-        ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
+        ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
         for route in self.routes.iter() {
             if route.check(&mut req) {
                 if let Some(ref state) = self.state {
                     req.set_state_container(state.clone());
                 }
-                return Either::Left(ctx.call(route, req));
+                return ctx.call(route, req).await;
             }
         }
         if let Some(ref default) = self.default {
-            Either::Right(Either::Right(ctx.call(default, req)))
+            ctx.call(default, req).await
         } else {
-            Either::Right(Either::Left(Ready::Ok(WebResponse::new(
+            Ok(WebResponse::new(
                 Response::MethodNotAllowed().finish(),
                 req.into_parts().0,
-            ))))
+            ))
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/ntex/src/web/route.rs b/ntex/src/web/route.rs
index a9248b175..b44aba7fa 100644
--- a/ntex/src/web/route.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/web/route.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::{fmt, mem, rc::Rc};
 
-use crate::util::{BoxFuture, Ready};
 use crate::{http::Method, service::Service, service::ServiceCtx, service::ServiceFactory};
 
 use super::error::ErrorRenderer;
@@ -66,10 +65,9 @@ impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> ServiceFactory<WebRequest<Err>> for Route<Err> {
     type Error = Err::Container;
     type InitError = ();
     type Service = RouteService<Err>;
-    type Future<'f> = Ready<RouteService<Err>, ()>;
 
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
-        Ok(self.service()).into()
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<RouteService<Err>, ()> {
+        Ok(self.service())
     }
 }
 
@@ -102,15 +100,13 @@ impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> fmt::Debug for RouteService<Err> {
 impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> Service<WebRequest<Err>> for RouteService<Err> {
     type Response = WebResponse;
     type Error = Err::Container;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>;
 
-    #[inline]
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         req: WebRequest<Err>,
-        _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
-        self.handler.call(req)
+        _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
+        self.handler.call(req).await
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ntex/src/web/scope.rs b/ntex/src/web/scope.rs
index c16b729e8..6ae1a7e02 100644
--- a/ntex/src/web/scope.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/web/scope.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
-use std::{
-    cell::RefCell, fmt, future::Future, pin::Pin, rc::Rc, task::Context, task::Poll,
-};
+use std::{cell::RefCell, fmt, rc::Rc, task::Context, task::Poll};
 
 use crate::http::Response;
 use crate::router::{IntoPattern, ResourceDef, Router};
 use crate::service::boxed::{self, BoxService, BoxServiceFactory};
 use crate::service::{chain_factory, dev::ServiceChainFactory, IntoServiceFactory};
-use crate::service::{
-    Identity, Middleware, Service, ServiceCall, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory, Stack,
-};
-use crate::util::{BoxFuture, Either, Extensions, Ready};
+use crate::service::{Identity, Middleware, Service, ServiceCtx, ServiceFactory, Stack};
+use crate::util::Extensions;
 
 use super::app::Filter;
 use super::config::ServiceConfig;
@@ -28,8 +24,6 @@ type HttpService<Err: ErrorRenderer> =
     BoxService<WebRequest<Err>, WebResponse, Err::Container>;
 type HttpNewService<Err: ErrorRenderer> =
     BoxServiceFactory<(), WebRequest<Err>, WebResponse, Err::Container, ()>;
-type BoxResponse<'a, Err: ErrorRenderer> =
-    ServiceCall<'a, HttpService<Err>, WebRequest<Err>>;
 
 /// Resources scope.
 ///
@@ -288,7 +282,7 @@ where
     {
         // create and configure default resource
         self.default = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Some(Rc::new(boxed::factory(
-            f.chain()
+            chain_factory(f.into_factory())
                 .map_init_err(|e| log::error!("Cannot construct default service: {:?}", e)),
         )))));
 
@@ -468,15 +462,12 @@ where
     type Error = Err::Container;
     type Service = M::Service;
     type InitError = ();
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError>>;
-
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            Ok(self.middleware.create(ScopeService {
-                filter: self.filter.create(()).await?,
-                routing: self.routing.create(()).await?,
-            }))
-        })
+
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
+        Ok(self.middleware.create(ScopeService {
+            filter: self.filter.create(()).await?,
+            routing: self.routing.create(()).await?,
+        }))
     }
 }
 
@@ -492,7 +483,6 @@ where
 {
     type Response = WebResponse;
     type Error = Err::Container;
-    type Future<'f> = ScopeServiceResponse<'f, F, Err> where F: 'f;
 
     #[inline]
     fn poll_ready(&self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
@@ -505,55 +495,13 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         req: WebRequest<Err>,
-        ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
-        ScopeServiceResponse {
-            filter: ctx.call(&self.filter, req),
-            routing: &self.routing,
-            endpoint: None,
-            ctx,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
-    pub struct ScopeServiceResponse<'f, F: Service<WebRequest<Err>>, Err: ErrorRenderer>
-    where F: 'f
-    {
-        #[pin]
-        filter: ServiceCall<'f, F, WebRequest<Err>>,
-        routing: &'f ScopeRouter<Err>,
-        ctx: ServiceCtx<'f, ScopeService<F, Err>>,
-        endpoint: Option<ServiceCall<'f, ScopeRouter<Err>, WebRequest<Err>>>,
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'f, F, Err> Future for ScopeServiceResponse<'f, F, Err>
-where
-    F: Service<WebRequest<Err>, Response = WebRequest<Err>, Error = Err::Container>,
-    Err: ErrorRenderer,
-{
-    type Output = Result<WebResponse, Err::Container>;
-
-    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
-        let mut this = self.as_mut().project();
-
-        loop {
-            if let Some(fut) = this.endpoint.as_mut() {
-                return Pin::new(fut).poll(cx);
-            }
-
-            let res = if let Poll::Ready(res) = this.filter.poll(cx) {
-                res?
-            } else {
-                return Poll::Pending;
-            };
-            *this.endpoint = Some(this.ctx.call(this.routing, res));
-            this = self.as_mut().project();
-        }
+        ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
+        let req = ctx.call(&self.filter, req).await?;
+        ctx.call(&self.routing, req).await
     }
 }
 
@@ -569,31 +517,28 @@ impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> ServiceFactory<WebRequest<Err>> for ScopeRouterFactory<
     type Error = Err::Container;
     type InitError = ();
     type Service = ScopeRouter<Err>;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError>>;
-
-    fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future<'_> {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            // create http services
-            let mut router = Router::build();
-            if self.case_insensitive {
-                router.case_insensitive();
-            }
-            for (path, factory, guards) in &mut self.services.iter() {
-                let service = factory.create(()).await?;
-                router.rdef(path.clone(), service).2 = guards.borrow_mut().take();
-            }
 
-            let default = if let Some(ref default) = self.default {
-                Some(default.create(()).await?)
-            } else {
-                None
-            };
-
-            Ok(ScopeRouter {
-                default,
-                router: router.finish(),
-                state: self.state.clone(),
-            })
+    async fn create(&self, _: ()) -> Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError> {
+        // create http services
+        let mut router = Router::build();
+        if self.case_insensitive {
+            router.case_insensitive();
+        }
+        for (path, factory, guards) in &mut self.services.iter() {
+            let service = factory.create(()).await?;
+            router.rdef(path.clone(), service).2 = guards.borrow_mut().take();
+        }
+
+        let default = if let Some(ref default) = self.default {
+            Some(default.create(()).await?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        Ok(ScopeRouter {
+            default,
+            router: router.finish(),
+            state: self.state.clone(),
         })
     }
 }
@@ -607,13 +552,12 @@ struct ScopeRouter<Err: ErrorRenderer> {
 impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> Service<WebRequest<Err>> for ScopeRouter<Err> {
     type Response = WebResponse;
     type Error = Err::Container;
-    type Future<'f> = Either<BoxResponse<'f, Err>, Ready<Self::Response, Self::Error>>;
 
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         mut req: WebRequest<Err>,
-        ctx: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
+        ctx: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Response, Self::Error> {
         let res = self.router.recognize_checked(&mut req, |req, guards| {
             if let Some(guards) = guards {
                 for f in guards {
@@ -629,15 +573,12 @@ impl<Err: ErrorRenderer> Service<WebRequest<Err>> for ScopeRouter<Err> {
             if let Some(ref state) = self.state {
                 req.set_state_container(state.clone());
             }
-            Either::Left(ctx.call(srv, req))
+            ctx.call(srv, req).await
         } else if let Some(ref default) = self.default {
-            Either::Left(ctx.call(default, req))
+            ctx.call(default, req).await
         } else {
             let req = req.into_parts().0;
-            Either::Right(Ready::Ok(WebResponse::new(
-                Response::NotFound().finish(),
-                req,
-            )))
+            Ok(WebResponse::new(Response::NotFound().finish(), req))
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/ntex/src/web/types/mod.rs b/ntex/src/web/types/mod.rs
index 1f27d163d..874227563 100644
--- a/ntex/src/web/types/mod.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/web/types/mod.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,3 @@ pub use self::path::Path;
 pub use self::payload::{Payload, PayloadConfig};
 pub use self::query::Query;
 pub use self::state::State;
-
-#[deprecated]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub type Data<T> = State<T>;
diff --git a/ntex/src/web/ws.rs b/ntex/src/web/ws.rs
index 27b32406d..d3a3bbfff 100644
--- a/ntex/src/web/ws.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/web/ws.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ pub use crate::ws::{CloseCode, CloseReason, Frame, Message, WsSink};
 
 use crate::http::{body::BodySize, h1, StatusCode};
 use crate::service::{
-    apply_fn, fn_factory_with_config, IntoServiceFactory, ServiceFactory,
+    apply_fn, chain_factory, fn_factory_with_config, IntoServiceFactory, ServiceFactory,
 };
 use crate::web::{HttpRequest, HttpResponse};
 use crate::ws::{self, error::HandshakeError, error::WsError, handshake};
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ where
     F: IntoServiceFactory<T, Frame, WsSink>,
     Err: From<T::InitError> + From<HandshakeError>,
 {
-    let inner_factory = Rc::new(factory.chain().map_err(WsError::Service));
+    let inner_factory = Rc::new(chain_factory(factory).map_err(WsError::Service));
 
     let factory = fn_factory_with_config(move |sink: WsSink| {
         let factory = inner_factory.clone();
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ where
 
     // start websockets service dispatcher
     rt::spawn(async move {
-        let res = crate::io::Dispatcher::with_config(io, codec, srv, &cfg).await;
+        let res = crate::io::Dispatcher::new(io, codec, srv, &cfg).await;
         log::trace!("Ws handler is terminated: {:?}", res);
     });
 
diff --git a/ntex/src/ws/client.rs b/ntex/src/ws/client.rs
index e36f185f5..b15497545 100644
--- a/ntex/src/ws/client.rs
+++ b/ntex/src/ws/client.rs
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ impl WsConnection<Sealed> {
         U: IntoService<T, ws::Frame>,
     {
         let service = apply_fn(
-            service.into_chain().map_err(WsError::Service),
+            service.into_service().map_err(WsError::Service),
             |req, svc| async move {
                 match req {
                     DispatchItem::<ws::Codec>::Item(item) => svc.call(item).await,
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ impl WsConnection<Sealed> {
             },
         );
 
-        Dispatcher::with_config(self.io, self.codec, service, &self.config).await
+        Dispatcher::new(self.io, self.codec, service, &self.config).await
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ntex/tests/http_ws.rs b/ntex/tests/http_ws.rs
index 30da57809..26c4eeecf 100644
--- a/ntex/tests/http_ws.rs
+++ b/ntex/tests/http_ws.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ use ntex::http::test::server as test_server;
 use ntex::http::{body, h1, test, HttpService, Request, Response, StatusCode};
 use ntex::io::{DispatchItem, Dispatcher, Io};
 use ntex::service::{fn_factory, Service, ServiceCtx};
-use ntex::time::{sleep, Millis, Seconds};
-use ntex::util::{BoxFuture, ByteString, Bytes, Ready};
+use ntex::time::Seconds;
+use ntex::util::{ByteString, Bytes, Ready};
 use ntex::ws::{self, handshake, handshake_response};
 
 struct WsService(Arc<Mutex<Cell<bool>>>);
@@ -34,39 +34,28 @@ impl Clone for WsService {
 impl Service<(Request, Io, h1::Codec)> for WsService {
     type Response = ();
     type Error = io::Error;
-    type Future<'f> = BoxFuture<'f, Result<(), io::Error>>;
 
     fn poll_ready(&self, _ctx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
         self.set_polled();
         Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
     }
 
-    fn call<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    async fn call(
+        &self,
         (req, io, codec): (Request, Io, h1::Codec),
-        _: ServiceCtx<'a, Self>,
-    ) -> Self::Future<'a> {
-        let fut = async move {
-            let res = handshake(req.head()).unwrap().message_body(());
-
-            io.encode((res, body::BodySize::None).into(), &codec)
-                .unwrap();
-
-            let cfg = ntex_io::DispatcherConfig::default();
-            cfg.set_keepalive_timeout(Seconds(0));
-
-            Dispatcher::with_config(
-                io.seal(),
-                ws::Codec::new(),
-                service,
-                //&Default::default(),
-                &cfg,
-            )
+        _: ServiceCtx<'_, Self>,
+    ) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        let res = handshake(req.head()).unwrap().message_body(());
+
+        io.encode((res, body::BodySize::None).into(), &codec)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let cfg = ntex_io::DispatcherConfig::default();
+        cfg.set_keepalive_timeout(Seconds(0));
+
+        Dispatcher::new(io.seal(), ws::Codec::new(), service, &cfg)
             .await
             .map_err(|_| panic!())
-        };
-
-        Box::pin(fut)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ntex/tests/http_ws_client.rs b/ntex/tests/http_ws_client.rs
index 60dd83a7f..e3719902e 100644
--- a/ntex/tests/http_ws_client.rs
+++ b/ntex/tests/http_ws_client.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ async fn test_simple() {
                         .unwrap();
 
                     // start websocket service
-                    Dispatcher::with_config(
+                    Dispatcher::new(
                         io.seal(),
                         ws::Codec::default(),
                         ws_service,
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ async fn test_transport() {
                         .unwrap();
 
                     // start websocket service
-                    Dispatcher::with_config(
+                    Dispatcher::new(
                         io.seal(),
                         ws::Codec::default(),
                         ws_service,
@@ -133,13 +133,7 @@ async fn test_keepalive_timeout() {
                     // start websocket service
                     let cfg = DispatcherConfig::default();
                     cfg.set_keepalive_timeout(Seconds::ZERO);
-                    Dispatcher::with_config(
-                        io.seal(),
-                        ws::Codec::default(),
-                        ws_service,
-                        &cfg,
-                    )
-                    .await
+                    Dispatcher::new(io.seal(), ws::Codec::default(), ws_service, &cfg).await
                 }
             })
             .finish(|_| Ready::Ok::<_, io::Error>(Response::NotFound()))