Algorithm and Circuit Improvements

[burgholzer]

This PR primarily brings many improvements for pre-defined algorithms and the handling of dynamic circuits. In particular it:

• ⚡ switches the extraction of the probability amplitudes of a dynamic circuits to sparse vectors for increased performance and scalability
• ⚡ significantly improves the QPE algorithms:
  • ♻️ unifies QPE and IQPE algorithms, eliminating lots of redundant code
  • ♻️ switches up gate order in QPE algorithm for better performance
  • 🐛 fixes some bugs that prevented the QPE algorithms from working for more than 32 qubits
  • ✅ adapts dynamic circuit tests for new improvements
• ⚡ significantly improves the BV algorithm
  • 🐛 fixes algorithm implementation
  • ✨ adds dynamic circuit variant
  • ✨ adds routine that automatically generated an instance for a given number of qubits
  • ✅ adds tests for new functions
• ⚡ Improves Grover's algorithm
  • ⚡ DD-tailoring for diffusion operation
  • ⚡ improves algorithm description so that it works for an arbitrary number of qubits
• ⚡ Improves QFT algorithm
  • ⚡ DD-tailoring for order of operations
  • ✨ adds dynamic circuit variant
  • ✅ adds tests for new functions
• ⚡ DD-tailoring for GHZ state preparation
• 🐛 fixes an endianness and a reference counting bug in the simulate routine with measurements
• 🐛 reduces the parameter tolerance to the level of the default decision diagram package tolerance in order to introduce less approximations when reading in circuits
• ✨ introduces a new optimization pass that allows to reorder the operations in a QuantumComputation to achieve a canonical ordering
• ⬆️ updates all external dependencies to their latest version.

Depends on cda-tum/dd_package#26.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #22 (ca3ff98) into master (d60362d) will increase coverage by 0.2%.
The diff coverage is 83.9%.

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##           master     #22     +/-   ##
========================================
+ Coverage    80.3%   80.5%   +0.2%     
========================================
  Files          41      41             
  Lines        6603    6947    +344     
========================================
+ Hits         5305    5597    +292     
- Misses       1298    1350     +52     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
include/Definitions.hpp	77.7% <ø> (ø)
include/operations/OpType.hpp	0.0% <0.0%> (ø)
include/operations/Operation.hpp	93.6% <ø> (ø)
include/QuantumComputation.hpp	89.5% <50.0%> (-0.1%)	⬇️
src/CircuitOptimizer.cpp	82.4% <71.0%> (-1.8%)	⬇️
src/QuantumComputation.cpp	74.3% <77.2%> (+0.2%)	⬆️
test/algorithms/eval_dynamic_circuits.cpp	86.7% <86.2%> (-1.5%)	⬇️
src/algorithms/QPE.cpp	86.9% <97.6%> (+1.5%)	⬆️
src/algorithms/BernsteinVazirani.cpp	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
src/algorithms/Entanglement.cpp	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
... and 9 more

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[hillmich]

LGTM